NOTE:
This section comprises compasses utilised for civilian purposes
(geology, mining industry) and also their military versions with which
fire arms can be directed - although only in a gross manner.
The following list shows only the names of all manufacturers of the
compasses exhibited here who could be identified. Other exhibits still
lack identification. Discover them while browsing around. For any
information concerning the numerous
antique
U.S. makers (like J. Hanks,
Rittenhouse and many others),
we recommend
the websites
www.surveyhistory.org
and also
www.surveyantiques.com.
A
ABNEY
Level
AHREND
Aiming
Circle
AINSWORTH
ALOE
Altazimuth (see Casella)
AR-1
(AP-1 in cyrillic letters)
ARSENAL
Kiev
/
Арсенал Киев
ASKANIA |
B
B-2
(Б-2
in cyrillic letters)
BAKER,
C.
BARKER,
F.
BARROW, Henry
BERG, Fr. J.
BERGET
BERTH & NEUMANN
BG-1 / -2
(БГ = Буссоль
геодезическая )
BK-20
(буссоль круговая)
BKS (romer
scale)
BL-M83 (ZRAK)
BLOCH
BORKHARDT (Бoрxaрдtъ in Russian,
s. BURKHARD)
BOUCART
BRÈCHE
(French Army officer)
BREITHAUPT
BROWN
BRUNSON
BRUNTON
BS-2
(БC = Буссоль Стефана)
BSh1
(БШ = Буссоль
Шмалькальдера)
BTK-1
(БTK-1
in
cyrillic letters)
BÜCHI
Bundeswehr
BURKHARD (Бурxaрд in
Russian)
BURNIER
BUSCH
Busola 60 (go to xbk)
|
C
CAMINADA - TAMSON
CARY
CASELLA
Cavalry Board (see plane table Mk IV)
CHAIX
CHART
CHARVOZ
CHEVALLIER
CHINA
CHOLLET-DELAMARRE
Clisimètre
(French and Swiss level system)
COLLIGNON-HOULLIOT
COOKE
Cross
staff
head (see also MORIN)
CRC
C.Z. (Carl
Zeiss)
cxn = Busch |
D
DARLEY
DELCROIX
DESOMBRE
DIETZGEN
Dip
(Needle) Compass
DIXONS
D-L (see LATOUR)
Double compass (see BUSCH)
DQL
(Chinese
compasses)
DUCATILLON
(equinoctial
sundial)
DUPUY
DUTROU
E
ELLIOTT
Bros.
ENBEECO
ESERO
(romer scale) |
F
FELLOWS, READ &
OLCOTT
FENNEL
FOX
FPM
(Freiberger
Präzisionsmechanik)
FUESS
|
G
GAMBEY
GAMBS
GANSER
GARDAM
GAUMONT
GEISLER
(ГЕЙСЛЕРЪ in Russian)
GEO
Geolestochpribor
Геолесточприбор
Geologorazvedka
Геологоразведка
Geophysical Instrument
Co.
Geophyzika / ГЕОФИЗИКА (s. UOMZ)
GeoPriborTsvetMet /
ГеоПриборЦветМет
GEOSTROYIZYSKANIYA
(GSI) /
ГЕОСТРОЙИЗЫСКАНИЯ
(ГCИ)
GERLACH
(герляxь in Russian)
GK-2
(ГK = горный компас)
GKS (Romer Scale)
GOERZ
Goniometer
Goszawod / ГОСЗАВОД (see UOMZ)
GROMOV
(ГРОМОВЪ)
GSI / ГCИ (see above)
GURLEY
GUGK
|
H
HAHN
HAJA
HARBIN
Optical
Instruments
HART
HILDEBRAND
HOPPE
HOSSARD
HOULLIOT
HUEL
HUET
HUTCHINSON
HYNAM |
I
Inclination: see Dip Needle compass
(Инклинатор in Russian)
International Instrument Co.
IPZ / ИПЗ
J
JAKLITSCH
JAKUBOWSKI
Japan
JONES
|
K
KATER
K+E
K&R
(Kasper & Richter)
KERN
KEUFFEL
& ESSER
KGG-1 (КГГ = Компас
горно-геологический)
KONUS
KRAFT
|
L
LABROUSTE
LADOIS
LAGUNA
LAMB
L.A.T.
- Les Accessoires
Topogr.
LATOUR
LAVAUZELLE
LAWES
RABJOHNS Ltd
LECOMTE
& DÉGLISE
LEMAIRE
LEREBOURS
Level
(Fr. German & Swiss systems)
Level
(Engl. system, Abney)
LEWERT
LEZY
LIETZ
LUFFT
LUDOLPH
LÜTTIG
LUTZ
|
M
M1 / M2
(Brunton models)
M.13 & M.15 (see Goerz and Süss Nándor)
M1918
Machine
gun compass
(mitrailleuse
in French)
Magnetometer
MANSFIELD
Map
(milit., Germany, WWII)
Map
Pocket
Map
Reader
Mark
IV
MashPriborIntOrg
(Машприборинторг)
MEISSNER
MEOPTA
MERIDIAN
Meridian Finder
(Dipping needle compass)
METPRIBOR
(метприбор)
Mikhalovski-Touroff
(Михаловский - Tуров)
Miners'
Compass
MONTICOLO
MORIN
|
N
Netherlands NEUHÖFER &
SOHN
O
OBK
(OБK = Ориентир-Буссоль
Кипрегеля )
OERI
O'GRADY
HALY
OSTOYA
OULIANOFF
(Meridian)
|
P - Q
Państwowe
Zakłady Pomocy
Szkolnych
PARKES
Pedometer
PEIGNÉ
(Général)
PESSLER
& Sohn (P
& S)
PEST
(Budapest)
PHYSICA
PISTOR &
SCHIEK
P.K.
(German romer scale)
Plane
Table (incl. Cavalry Board)
Plane
Table Compass (Trough compasses)
PLATH
Protractor,
square
P & S = Pessler
|
R
Radio-compass
(for broadcasting stations)
RECTA-KERN
REICHEL (Рейхель in Russian)
REISS
RICHER
Richtbussole
RICHTER
(Рихтеръ
in Russian)
RIMAILHO
RITTENHOUSE
RODE
(Роде in Russian)
Romer
Scale
ROSPINI
ROSSIGNOL
ROST,
R. & A
Rotameter
RPGP
Russian Survey compasses: see list in SEARCH, visit also the GSI
/ ГСИ
Russia - Light Artillery Museum |
S
SALMOIRAGHI
SANGUET
SCHABLAß
(Schablass)
SCHMALCALDER
SCHUBERT
& VIALON
SCHWABE (ШВАБЕ
in Russian)
SECRETAN
SHOWA
SOKKI SIAP
SININEN
Sitometer
(French
art. level) See also
KERN,
BÜCHI
S-L
(Société des Lunetiers)
SLOM
SOUCHIER
SPENCER
BROWNING &
RUST
SPERLING
(Шперлингъ
in Russian)
SPRENGER
SRB
A ŠTYS (SRB
&
STYS)
STANLEY
STEINHEIL
STEWARD
STOCKERT, C.
STOLIAROV
(Столяров
in Russian)
STOPPANI
STREET
STUDER
SÜSS NÁNDOR
SUUNTO
Surveyor's
compass (vintage)
|
T
TACHET
TAMAYA
TAVERNIER-GRAVET
TEL-A-COMPASS
THALÉN &
TIBERG
Theodolite
THOMMEN
TIMM (see Burkhard)
TOPOCHAIX
Topog (see U.S. Topographical
Engineers)
TOUROFF
(туров)
Trough
Compass
TROUGHTON
U
UOMZ
/ УОМЗ
U.S. Army
U.S.G.S.
U.S. Topographical
Engineers
|
V
VEB
Geophysikalischer
Gerätebau
Brieselang
VERSCHOYLE
VION
VOIGTLÄNDER
VOOMP (s. UOMZ / YOM3)
VOZ |
W
WASHINGTON
George
Well Bore Compass
WESTBERG
(вестбергъ
in Russian)
W.H. 39
(romer scale)
WHITE
WICHMANN
WILD
WILKIE
WINTERER |
X - Y
XBK /
Busola 60 (Cz)
Germany
(unidentified)
France
(unidentified)
USA
/ UK (unidentified) |
Z
ZEISS
ZIKO
ZMI
(3Mu
in
cyrillic letters)
ZRAK |
- A -
AHREND was probably not a maker but a retailer. Also known are
Ahrend-Klino
signed drafting instruments.
Miner compass |
Prismatic compass
|
Technical
Data
Miner compass: 80 x 100 x 15 mm
Prismatic (Schmalcalder-type) compass: Diam.: 3" / 75mm
The cardinals are written in Dutch language on some instruments: Z for
Zuid (south)
|
DESCRIPTION : Instrument called in French
goniomètre-boussole
and in German
Richtkreis.
French teaching manual (printed 1956) for the
Saint-Maixent military highschool. Two similar instruments are
described therein: a French and a U.S. system (note: the
abbrev.
G.B. stands here for the French designation
Goniomètre-Boussole).
It
describes the French version of the Instrument CIRCLE, AIMING M1 (see
U.S. Army user
instruction TM-9-1290-357-15 online
HERE).
The needle is located inside the main cylindrical casing. The older
markings
(covered with green paint) W.P.B. 1942 F.A. stand for War Production
Board / Field Artillery.
NOTE: compare to the Russian systems designed by
Mikhalovski & Touroff
and used in the
Czar's imperial army and in the USSR's Red Army.
|
|
Click
on the drawings for
enlarged views
|
Pics.
courtesy G. Gintzburger
|
|
William (Wm) A. & S. was a U.S. instrument
manufacturer who was first to produce the BRUNTON-type pocket transit
compass (see below)
and the lensatic model
M-1938
(more
information
HERE).
For information about this compass manufacturer and many
others not listed here, visit the
Virtual
Survey Museum
(see LINKS).
AR-1 (AP-1
in Russian)
Russian-made compass. The two letters stand for the maker
Arsenal
Made
in 19...?
Dim.: 100 x 140 x 140 mm
Arsenal is an old manufacturer located in Kiew (now
Ukrainia) since 1764. Survey materiel production started only
in 1946. The Arsenal icon used to feature a soviet "hammer
and sickle" symbol in a prism but it was deleted later (in the 1990's
?). Typical products: see
B-Sh-1
below
(see
list of Russian logos here : ZENITCAMERA)
ASKANIA is a German manufacturer (more information
HERE).
See also BAMBERG in the section AERONAUTICAL Compasses and also ASKANIA
in
MARCHING and WRIST compasses.
(Click
for
detail view of dial) |
The AskAniA
logo and the manufacturer's name
|
Technical
Data
- Diameter: 4 ¾ " / 120mm
- Divisions: 360 degrees clockwise
Period: 1921-1938
|
- B -
Russian miner compass
.
The
three letters "
3Mu"
are the
italic version of the upper case characters ЗМИ - Завод
Маркшейдерских Инструментов (
zavod
markscheiderskikh
instrumentov = Plant for
mining instruments).
See more instruments on the websites
virtual
museum for survey materiel (GSI)
and the private museum
Russian
survey compasses.
(Picture
Jaypee - priv. coll.)
|
(Picture
courtesy Stanislav Istakhov)
|
Technical
data
- Dimension : ... x ... x ... mm
- Weight: ... g
- Graduation : 360 deg. counter-clockwise, only the cardinal points
North (C, sever) and South (Ю, youg) are indicated.
|
Former British manufacturer of various instruments
(microscopes etc.)
in the 2
nd
half of the 19
th
C. He was located 244, High
Holborn,
London (1851-1909) and retailed also items made by F. Barker
& Son (below).
Pic.
at right:
Schmalcalder-type
instrument. Note the fine
asymetrical fleur
de lys.
(Picture
courtesy TML - click on image for enlarged view)
Former British manufacturer (for more information click
HERE
and in our LINKS).
Barker built prismatic survey compasses based on
Schmalcalder's
patent (green paper card). The next development was a cut-away aluminum
card.
At right: sight compass and
clinometer (picture courtesy N. Fisher)
Other examples of survey compasses made by F. BARKER & Son in
his own
name or for
retailers:
- BAKER Charles (above)
- BROWN (below),
-
Lawes
Rabjohns Ltd,
-
ABNEY
level.
See also: Marching, Escape, Pocket, Nautical and Wrist compasses.
In 1881 Francis
Barker filed a patent (no. 1926, dated 1881, 4th May)
for an improved prismatic compass
with
clinometer. He also filed a French
issue (no. 142,988, link
to p. 1). The prism can be raised to two
different positions: the clinometer and compass cards !
At left: Patent fig. At right: F.
Barker & Son, 1919 catalogue
(Click
on pictures for enlarged
views) |
F. Barker & Son and J. C. Asten, Abney Level, patent
no.15,472* (July 2, 1909)
* Link to page
1
|
Schmalcalder-type
surveyor's prismatic compass (late 19th C.)
- Dia.: 75 mm
- Red and green filters, hinged mirror in the vane
(Click
on pictures for enlarged
views) |
Left: F. Barker & Son 1909 catalogue
Right: a simple model without the red and green filters (early
20th C.)
(Pic.
court. S. Majatowski) |
Artillery
compass
FB2104 (built early 1980's)
(Pictures
courtesy PC / TML)
|
Current
version
made by Pyser-SGI
|
|
Patent
no. 14,584 granted in 1915 for an improved MAP READER featuring
an internal illumination device based on a Radium-compound paint and a
compass.
At left: figs in patent.
Read the general description HERE (patent's 1st p., full copy available).
|
Henry Barrow was a British maker located 26, Oxendon Street, London
(link
to pic. of compass card).
Schmalcalder-type compass. late 19th c.
Dimensions: dia. 135mm , height: 30mm.
Picture by courtesy of S.
Wiggings
Swedish instruments maker born on the 31st of August 1825 and passed
away on the 25th of October 1898. Address: Stockholm, Kommakaregatan
19 (fmr. addr. no.
76). Some instruments are signed: Frans J. BERG Matematisk.
Instrumentmakare
Förfärdigar och Konstruerar Geodetiska Instrumenter. The city archive
of Stockholm sent us the document below (heritage, widow, 3 sons, 2
daughters).
Pictures
courtesy H. Waldmann
Technical
Data
Base plate: 63 × 63 mm
Compass dia.: 54,5 mm
Height: 13 mm; weight: 142 g |
Base plate: 91 × 91 mm
Compass dia.: 81 mm
Height: 17 mm
Weight: 334 g
Messing
|
Magnetometer
(type Thalén & Tiberg)
equiped with a Berg-signed compass
|
Source Stockholm City Archive
|
French inventor of a prismatic compass system with grip (no
info
momentarily available). Description and examples:
see
MORIN
and
HOULLIOT.
German manufacturer located in Iena (Jena in German).
|
Click on images for enlarged views
Pictures courtesy H. Waldmann
|
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 63 x 81,3 mm, height = 47 mm
- Compass
dia.: 61 mm
- Weight: 318 g
- Divisions: 400 grades
- Link to picture of velvet-lined case
|
BG-1
(БГ = Буссоль геодезическая in Russian)
Made in 1980 by the Russian (now Ukrainian)
manufacturer IPZ.
The two letters
stand for
Буссоль геодезическая = Bousol Geodezicheskaya = Survey compass.
Picture
by courtesy
of Stanislav Istakhov
Circular compass type produced by IPZ (see above)
. See
more instruments on the
website
Russian
survey compasses.
|
Click on images for enlarged views
Fotos D. Matiasch
|
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions (transit case): 160 x 130 x 60 mm
- Compass
dia.: 110mm
- Divisions: 4 x 90°, Base: 360°
- White carrying belt
|
S. Bloch was an optician established in Strassburg
(located now in France but part of the German empire before WWI).
He is listed in the clients register of the French manufacturer
HOULLIOT.
Engraved on reverse:
S.
Bloch - Strassburg i/E
Until
1918 (end of
WW1),
Strasbourg was a part of the German Empire. The city's name is thus
written in German. The abbreviation " i/E " stands for "im Elsass"
i.e. in
Alsace:
.
|
The
declination
(handwritten in the lid, see pic. below) corresponds to
Strasbourg (written in German) for the year 1914. The former figure for
1913 is still
legible. Another compass (no. 317) is known. Its cover bears the values
for Cüstrin, now Kostrzyn
nad Odrą
in
Poland.
|
Technical
Data
- Diameter: 68 mm
- Depth: 17 mm
- Weight: 175 gr
- Serial-No.: 102
|
BORKHARDT (Бoрxaрдtъ)
See BURKHARD
Optician located in Paris, 35 Quai de l'horologe. He made
many instruments like opera glasses, telescopes amd
microscopes.
Boucart stared his activities in 1790. The company was taken over
by Kuivert, optician in Paris in 1820.
Pictures
by courtesy H. Waldmann
Click on the images for enlarged views
|
Clinometer
|
Technical Data
- Dimensions: 80 x 80 x 17 mm
- Dia.: 60 mm
- Weight: 122 g
When not in use the pendulum is stored
in a dedicated recess on the right side.
|
BRÈCHE
The French Army 0fficer (capitaine) Brèche (no
data
available) taught military survey technique at the infantry school in
Saint-Maixent. He published in 1911 his complete lecture course in
which he described the compasses
HOSSARD,
ROSSIGNOL,
SOUCHIER
and
PEIGNÉ.
At r.
: cover of the manuscript
German company located in the city of Kassel (also written
Cassel in ancient times). For more
information click
HERE.
NOTE:
This company
is NOT sponsoring this museum.
See also in the section MARCHING COMPASSES.
Pic.
at r.: The product range in 1961 (German, Engl., French and Spanish)
The oldest instrument we know of (and also own) is this large
pocket-watch-shaped model with integrated clinometer made after the
death of the company's founder.
View of dial with clinometer rule extended. Note the shape of the
letter S (Weft / Oft). |
Reverse: Matt brown lid concealing the moving parts (See
detail on picture of FENNEL compass) |
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 90 x 80 x 14 mm
- Glass: cambered, it can easily be separated (link to picture
dismantled). The reason for this is not clear. Maybe the
needle needed to be remagnetized.
See also Fennel's
similar model featuring hinged lids.
- Weight: ca. 120 g
- Divisions: 2 x 12 hours, counter-clockwise. In the ancient times , in
the French and German/Austrian mines, angles were measured in
hours and fractions of hours (explanations HERE). E-W
swapped: see same chapter.
- Clinometer with collapsible reference support.
At left:
The needle's transit lock is a disc uplifted by a lever located in
the neck.
More recent instrument with English cardinals
and 360° graduation.
|
Pic. at right: large
standard
survey compass. The photograph was kindly
transmitted
by a visitor living in Indonesia, a country that was a Dutch colony
until 1945. This explains why the cardinals are written in Dutch (south
= Z for ZUID).
Tech.
data: 360
deg. counter-clockwise, with half-degrees divisions, 1st half of the
20th C.
Picture
courtesy Andrea Domingo
Picture at left: Light survey compass forerunner of a COHEN
model shown below but still
featuring a double 12 hours scale. 1st half of 20th c.
Click on the image for an enlarged view of the face - Picture by
courtesy of M. Walsmann
Table below: All contemporary model names (below) begin with
the abbreviation CO
(for
COmpass).
(Click
on pictures for
enlarged views)
|
Model
COVIS
(..VIS = Visier = Sight)
Below: 1954 catalogue, no. 331
The dial (enlarged pic. at left) features an old company's logo
(1930?), the letters F.W.B.S. in a cartouche. |
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 100 x 85 x 18 mm
- Weight: 400 gr
- Divisions: 360 deg., counter-clockwise, English cardinal points
- S/N: 38926
- Level: in the base plate
- Clinometer: locking in zero position by means of a piston (compare
with FPM)
- Colour: bronze metallic (U.S. or British Army?)
The needle locking system is a large-size screw (compare with the small
piston on the catalogue picture)
|
Model
name: COHEN
(design by Dr. HENKE according to a 1954 catalogue, item
350)
(Click
on pictures for
enlarged views)
|
When fully opened (180°), both halves are connected via a lock
and build a sighting system.
This model
was
also built in China
under license (link to
pic.). |
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 80 x 70 x 25 mm
- Weight: 300 gr
- Divisions: 360 deg., counter-clockwise
- Colour: dark green-grey (Wehrmacht ?)
- S/N: 62231
- Clinometer: no locking system
- Level: in the lid
The beautiful arrow-shaped needle was later replaced with a
simple straight one (visible in the1954 catalogue and on the Chinese
version).
NOTE:
very similar
to the U.S. Forestry compass design
(ex.: LIETZ) |
Modell
(name?) with slope angle measuring device
(Click
on pictures for
enlarged views)
|
Side
view:
the slope angle measuring device is attached to two additional plates.
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions (open): 190 x 70 mm
- Height (closed): 33 mm
- Slope angle measuring device: 2 x 90°
- Weight: 330 gr
- Divisions: 360°, counter-clockwise
- Colour: light grey
- Serial No.: 94917
- Clinometer: no locking system
- Levels: two, one on each half.
|
|
This instrument bears no name or
number but several aspects of its design lead us to believe that it was
made by Breithaupt maybe for the Federal German Army after 1957. There
is no sighting system but the inverted letters and figures
appears rectified in the mirror in the lid. The compass was thus
probably held by a special device. |
J. BROWN, 76 St. Vincent Street - GLASGOW (no other
info available). Most probably made by F. BARKER (see catalogue below).
|
The clinometer's graduation is in inches per yard.
|
The
compass as
shown in the BARKER catalogues
(1909 and 1919)
|
SIGHT
COMPASS
AND CLINOMETER
Technical Data
- Diameter: 67 mm
- Height (vanes grip erected): 45mm
- Weight: 155 g
|
Brunson Instrument Company was created in 1927 and
merged with Keuffel & Esser.
D. W.
BRUNTON
was the inventor of the pocket transit compass called after
him.
For a
comprehensive website about the instrument and its inventor click
HERE.
Several
companies built this instrument, among others Brunson,
Dietzgen,
Fennel and Keuffel & Esser. See
also the versions made by
HARBIN
called DQL-8 & DQY-1. The company BRUNTON(.com, profile in
Wikipedia) doesn't provide on its web site any address nor any means to
contact them. See also Marching Compasses / BRUNTON.
(Click
on the
picture for enlarged views) |
Technical
Data
Plain version without
clinometer,
dated 1920-1930, S/N 588
- Divisions: 6400 mils counter-clockwise
- Dimensions: 75 x 70 x 25mm
- Weight: 240gr |
D.W.Brunton |
The original 1894 patent only featured one level tube. Later versions
had two tubes or like here one tube and one spherical capsule.
|
(Click
for
enlarged views) |
BRUNTON
POCKET TRANSIT
(probably Model M1)
Technical Data
- Case: aluminum
- Division: four quadrants
- Dimensions: 75 x 70 x 30mm
- Weight: 235gr
- Levels: one tube and one spherical (compare with Dietzgen)
The clinometer's shape also changed several times.
|
|
BRUNTON M2 (U.S. Army)
Technical
Data
- Case: aluminum
- Divisions: 6400 mils counterclockwise
- Dimensions: 75 x 70 x 30 mm
- Weight: 230 gr
Identical model made by BRUNSON
Kansas
Army Documentation:
see M2
compass |
IMITATIONS
Beware
of copper imitations. Some are called BRINTON
or BRONTON (s.
pic. at l. and pull-down menue point MISCELL. / FAKES).
Most of
are generally signed STANLEY
LONDON,
a retailer of replicas or fancy items very probably "made in
India" which bought the name of the famous british compass maker.
Their official website disappeaeed in 2019 and they are only present on
Facebook.
They cannot be used
as measuring
instruments but only for decoration
purposes.
|
BS-2
(БС-2 in cyrillic letters)
Russian-made compass. The two letters stand for
Буссоль Стефана = Stephan compass. Made in 1967.
Russian Schmalcalder-type compass. The two letters stand for
Буссоль
Шмалькальдера. The
manufacturer was ARSENAL (
logo:
a prism, it used to feature a
soviet hammer and sickle symbol)
located in Kiev (see
history in Wikipedia and click on
Russian Language
for a picture
of the logo). See more examples of logos here:
NOVACON
(look for K as in Kiev). See more instruments on the website
Russian
survey compasses.
(Pictures
Jaypee & M. Rohan)
|
|
Technical
data
Production year: 1960
Height (closed): 23mm
Height (opened): 95mm
Width: 75mm
Divisions: 360°
Weight: 200gr
(Pic.
of
Tech. Data in User Instr.)
Wooden
case: 128 x 97 x 38mm
(Link
to picture of compass stowed
in case) |
BTK-1
(БTK-1)
Russian-made compass. The three letters stand for
Буссоль топографическая круговая i.e. circular survey
compass.
The designation circular was chosen because there is also a cylindrical
type (цилиндрическая буссоль - follow the link to a
table with definitions).
Made in
19... ?
Swiss company created in 1871 by
Friedrich BÜCHI (more
information
HERE).
The modern geologist's compass (see pic. at r.) was manufactured until
2007.
Picture
at right
(courtesy BÜCHI): a modern instrument
See
also MARCHING Compasses.
LEVELS (called in French sitomètre
and in German Sitometer)
(see also here:
LEVEL)
The
Dim.: 60 x 46 x 10 mm |
|
|
System
without compass similar to the French Secrétan
Modell 1911. Documentation in
Spanish language for various artillerie instruments. This booklet also
describes the next sitometer
in the table and an aiming circle called Richtkreises
(compare with the fig. in Patent
filed by E.F. Büchi,
no. 71471 dated 17.1.1916). |
ARTILLERY
LEVEL by
E. F. BÜCHI Bern
(old version)
FUNCTION:
Depressing
the push-button
located close to the leather strap releases the compass card and causes
the metallic blade (visible from above, picture in the middle) to swing
back.
This
blade is a mirror reflecting
the image of a small tube level (for pics see next row). It gives thus
free vision onto a portion of the compass (cont'd). |
card (3200 mils) through a
prism and onto two portions of rulers graduated from right to left from
0 to 800 (upper row) and from 2400 to 3200 mils (lower
row).
Figs.
in 1st patent (1916 GB no.
100,091).
German
and French issues: go to these
editions of the museum. The Spanish
Patent (1920) is also available. |
The
substraction
disk for quick mechanical computing of angles difference.
Various user
instructions are available
(fac simile): either Swiss
Army Manual (German) or the
company's short version or even as a
flyer in French (see next row). |
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 60 x 49 x 29mm
- Weight: 140gr
- Divisions : 2 x 3200 mils.
- Protection grid: swivelling by 180 deg.
Leather
pouch:
(Click
on the pictures for
enlarged views) |
SIMPLE
LEVEL
User instr. in French and German:
|
(Click
on the pictures for
enlarged views) |
Model for anti-aircraft units: scale graduated from right to left from
0 to
800 (upper row) and
from 5600 to 6400 mils (lower row).
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 60 x 49 x 29mm
- Weight: 110 g
- Divisions: 6400 mils
Patent
(1930) with
external level and sight
|
Evolutions:
two patents
were issued in 1929
for Switzerland (nos. 131.841 and
-
842, no no. known for the UK) describing a system with a lamp
(below) and a sight (at r.):
|
Swiss
patent Nr. 131.842,
model with
external lamp and sight
|
Instrument
with double
optics for slope
angle and range measures
(Goulier
system,
compare with Meridian-Oulianoff)
Descr. (in German) HERE
Patents above and at
r.: probably not filed
|
Instrument
similar to left
one but more
compact and compass with double pivot
Descr. (in German) HERE
|
(Provisional
location)
Manufacturer: Steinheil was a manufacturer located
in Ismaning
(near Munich
Germany, read the full story in German in Wikipedia and here
in
FENNEL).
See also the marching compass types issued to the units of the
West
German Army (Bundeswehr) since its creation in 1956:
ASKANIA,
BÉZARD,
BREITHAUPT,
BUSCH,
WILKIE
etc.
|
Pictures
courtesy
D. Matiasch
|
(Click
on images for enlarged views) |
Compass for aiming circles and
theodolites
Technical Data
- Overall dimensions: 90 x 80 x 18 mm
- Compass dia.: 49 mm
- Weight: 187 g.
- Divisions: 6400 MILS counter clockwise
- Adaption of declination: none (to be calculated)
- Manufacture year: 01/1986
- NSN:1290-12-127-1145
- Case material: aluminum
|
Two Russian makers with almost the same name of German origin
are known: Karl Borkhardt (Карл
Борхартъ) of Moscow
and A. Burkhard (A. Бурxaрд) of Leningrad. The former is known via a
1912 catalog and the second through a compass bearing the name of the
owner K. K. TIMM
engraved on a compass type like
the standard ones made by Voigtländer,
Plath etc.
|
Pictures
courtesy M. Ivanov
(Click
on images for enlarged views)
|
|
Technical Data
|
Burnier was Captain with the French Artillery. He invented in
1832 two instruments, a compass and a level. The latter was
widely used within the Army. A comprehensive description of both can be
found in the
Bulletin
de la
Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale
(issue 1833, copy available).
The compass was described as being more practicle because smaller and
much cheaper than
Henry
Kater's
design (i.e.
Schmalcalder's
improved version). A
detail
drawing
shows an instrument with a magnifying glass (3x) through which a
rotating graduated cylinder driven by a magnetic needle can
be observed. The sighting device was a folding bow with a
horse
hair.
The level was built according to the same principle concerning the
compass but featured in addition a rotating
lever remaining
horizontal when the instrument was tilted and pointing to the value of
the elevation angle along a curved scale. An improved version appears
in Secrétan-Lerebours' 1853 catalogue (fig.
HERE).
It was manufactured until the 1930s. One item features
the logo of the maker Dominique
LATOUR
(see below and also the
Bézard-type compass designed by cptn CHAIX).
The item displayed below seems to be the latest and most advanced
design.
(Click
on the pictures for
enlarged views) |
Sighting (see
scales detail at right)
Wenn the vanes are folded down, the horse air sighting device is
protected between two fittings
|
Model
no. 36173 - Technical Data
- Dimensions: 75
x 50 mm
- Weight: 270 g
- Lensatic system
- Vanes, numbered pair (no. 17)
- Two measuring scales: one for vertical angles (slopes) in
percentage 100 = 45°, (pic. below, left) and compass divided in
400
grades (at r.)
- Leather lanyard and articulated staff adapter
- On the top plate: window for the reading light
- Brass, lackered, with push-button brake for the compass rose. |
Former German company (for more information click
HERE)
|
Basic
model of the GRUBENKOMPASS
(miner's compass, c. 1920-1930) which had in addition a "geodesic"
division (400 grades) and a clinometer.
Technical Data
- Dimensions: 85 x 85 x 26 mm
- Weight: 160 gr
- Metallic side ruler
|
Patent
for a compass system with
telescope sight (no. 908918, 1953)
This system was first defined in 1941 by Karl Martin and Dr. Helmut
Naumann.
(Click
on the drawing at
right for
an enlarged view) |
|
Magnetometer or
double compass
This instrument called in German
Erdfeldmesser
(earth field meter) was also used in the German army
to measure residual magnetism in metallic ships and aircraft in
order to determine the best place to install the compass. Excerpt of
the description in a BUSCH Brochure:
"New development of an
'earth field
meter' based on the principle defined by Friedrich
Bidlingmaier (link to nautical compasses)
in
1907 of a double compass (Doppelkompass):
the measurement is effected via the influence of the
external field onto the fields of two
permanent magnets (compass
needles) placed above one another on the same axis at a
short distance of each other." See another
instrument still in use in the BSH's
Magnetkompasslabor.
A similar instrument was built in 1941 by
ASKANIA
(Double Compass) and placed in an immersed container with cameras.
Pictures
by courtesy of BSH
|
cxn = Busch Rathenow
|
Erdfeldmesser
or Doppelkompass
(link to drwg. in techn. descr.)
Dim.
- Height: 4" / 97mm
- Dia. 3 1/2 ": 84 mm
The lower needle (5) indicates the field's intensity in milliOersted.
Compare to the models made by LUDOLPH
and by PLATH.
|
Pictures Treodelmarions
(Click for
detailed view)
|
|
|
Artillery
compass
Technical Data
Dimensions:
. Height: 100 mm
. Diameter (compass): 90 mm
- Weight: 1170 gr
- Tube levels: two
Compare with GOERZ
and ZEISS
|
- C -
This compass was probably made in the early 20th c. in a joint venture
by CAMINADA Rotterdam (see below) and TAMSON-Instruments which still
exists.
Instrument maker Carolus
Anthonij Caminada (*1764;†1828) of Milan Italy, leaves his
homeland with his brothers and establishes a workshop in Delft in 1788.
His son Joannes
Caminada (*1804;†1876)
was, around 1820, in the employ of Delft instrument makers brothers
Pieter and Adrianus Bayens, who in
their day, were considered to have a sizeble company with 14
employees. Just like his father, Joannes specialised in the production
of barometers and drawing compasses.
Photograph above courtesy H.
Waldmann
Around 1842 Joannes became
independent. At that time he received many commissions from A. Lipkens,
who in 1843 was appointed director of the Royal Academy in Delft.
Around the middle of the 19th century his instruments were on view at
various exhibitions. The company of Joannes Caminada was
dissolved in 1878.
Gebroeders Caminada, Rotterdam.
Joannes Caminada's marriage with Johanna
Catharina van Brussel in 1828 produced 13 children. The two eldest
sons, Carel Antonius Caminada (*1829;†1921) and Johannes Antonius
Caminada (*1830;†1887) established Gebr. Caminada
in 1856 in Rotterdam.
Gebroeders P & H
Caminada, The Hague.
Two other sons, Pieter Caminada (*1837;†1922)
and Hendricus Johannes Caminada (*1842;†1882), established Gebr.
P. & H. Caminada in The Hague in 1867.
(Source:
planimetrica, mathematical-instruments,
caminada)
Cary of London produced various instruments like this small
(dia. 2.5")
Schmalcalder-type
compass below at left. A much larger one (4", unsigned) features an
inverted
arrangement of prism and sights.
Louis Pascal [formerly Luigi Pasquale] (1812–1897)
Casella was a British manufacturer of scientific instruments British.
See also Pocket and Nautical compasses.
WARNING
-
CASELLA NEVER PRODUCED THE
BRUNTON
TRANSIT COMPASS.
(Click
on images
for
detailed views -
Pictures courtesy Michael Curtis) |
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions (dia.): 2" (50 mm)
- Separate transit locks for both compass
and
clinometer cards
- Clinometer: There is a ‘flat’ on one
side of the instrument so that it can stand on
a flat surface.
- Markings: The instrument is signed CASELLA LONDON on the lid. On
the clinometer card is the
Patent no. 1926, whilst on the mask is no. 1909. |
Clinometer side
(Click
on images for
detailed views -
Pictures courtesy Michael Curtis) |
Compass side
|
Technical
Data
Late 19thC Military Pocket Altazimuth
- Diam.: 2.25 in.
- Thickness: 1.4 in.
- Weight: 5 ½ ozs.
Has a telescope, transit locks for compass and clinometer, compass
damper, and blue filter.
The Clinometer dial is signed L CASELLA LONDON, and the War Department
Arrow surmounting the letter ‘I’ (for India).
The instrument has a threaded bush underneath for a tripod.
Compare
with the
Abney Level. |
PROFILE - The French company now
called
TOPOCHAIX
was founded in 1938 by Pierre Louis Maurice CHAIX. He and his son
Marc-Yvon Arthur filed several patents until 1973. The scope of
production comprises sturdy and precise compasses for survey and
forestry works (see also
CHAIX'
Plane
Table).
The museum offers numerous original documents for sale:
- Facsimile photocopy of vintage
User Instructions
for the models
Universelle
and
Broussarde
and for the
Clisimètre
can be ordered (18 p., French and English).
- See complete list (patents, flyers, manuals etc.) in the French
version
HERE.
-
Description
and user instruction of
the Peigné compass types
(square bakelite
and cylinder-shaped metallic versions) in the
Topochaix
catalogue.
Pict.
Jaypee - CHAIX
private coll.
(Click on pictures for enlarged views)
|
CAPITAINE
CHAIX Model
PROTOTYPE
Technical
Data
- Material: Aluminum
- Dimensions: x x mm
- Clinometer: Pendulum
- Alidade: Plexiglas
- Drawer-type case maybe to stow notes
|
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
These two first instruments match more or less a patent filed in 1937
in which a compass is described featuring a transparent lid with a grid
and a pin-hole sight at the end of a swivel-bar. An additional a bubble
level is shown on the case. The series instrument
(see
next row) developed from the
prototype at left is in the end only of the Bézard
UBK type i.e. featuring a hinged
mirror to look at the needle and
the
divided circle while aiming at a target through the slots in the lid.
The angle value is the figure facing the pointer located at
the
mirror's hinge. The compass also features a scale for slope angles
engraved on the lid's right side. It is graduated in percent
(20,
25, 30,
40, 50, 75, 100). This compass could theoretically be used to grossly
point a small piece of artillery (see in the Bézard
chapter). |
Model
CAPITAINE
CHAIX
Series version
(1939)
(Click
on pictures for enlarged views) |
Side
views of lid (with sights and scale) and ruler:
Link to a detail view of divided
circle and needle. Note: The red
part is the south end! (arrow feathering), the white end (arrowhead)
bears a dot of luminous paint.
|
Technical
Data
(Functional
descr.: see upper
row)
- Dim.: 2½ x 2½ x 4/5
in. (75 x
75 x 20mm), 225gr.
- Div.: 360° clockwise
- Pendulum-type clinometer (see Meridian-Oulianoff)
- Material: brass, blue-grey paint, celluloid
- Aiming sights: slots in lid
Pic.
below: Serial no.
265 (centre),
the inventor's name (in
the left
corner) and the maker's mark "D-L"
for D. LATOUR (in the
right corner).
|
Model
BROUSSARDE
Pict. at right: The pouch with a window. |
|
Technical
Data:
Prismatic compass, model BROUSSARDE.
- Dimensions: 120 x 85 x 2mm
- Weight: 310grs
- Serial-no.: 6639
- Level: visible while sighting in a flexible metallic mirror
- Sighting system: notch above the prism (can be fixed in the optimum
position by a knurled screw) and point at the far end of the lid.
NOTE:
The early model was square-shaped like the Universelle.
Photos: catalogue
and real
instrument.
The items produced later featureed a red casing.
(Click
on the pictures for
enlarged views) |
|
Model
BROUSSARDE with LASER POINTER
Technical Data
Identical with the basic Broussarde model but with an additional
laser pointer for high precision sightings. |
|
The
prototype of
the UNIVERSELLE model was a BROUSSARDE compass wih a dendrometer
Technical Data
- Dimensions: .. x .. x .. mm
- Weight: ... gr.
(Picture
Jaypee - CHAIX'
private
collection) |
Compass
called TOPOGÉOLOGIQUE
(in
the user instr. at r.)
This version predates the patented model called UNIVERSELLE.
It featured a mirror with oval opening, a clinometer with integratred
tube level (see descr.
in next row)
and a tube level below the rear sight.
The ring bearing the crystal and the
divided circle is simply
inserted into the casing.
Click
on the images for enlarged views and on the links for more pics.
|
This
first version had a
dry compass
with 360° counter clockwise division. The limb
was divided into 400 grades overleaf
and could be reversed easily.
The needle's south end was painted red and the north end had luminous
paint coating.
S/N:
D 335.
|
Compare
the vane to the patented model.
Abstract of the user instr. Note the ruler placed in
a slot (see
more details in
the
enlarged image).
|
Intermediate
version featuring two different
levels and the new fluid damped floating disc. The maker's
name CHAIX appears with the abbreviated first name P. = Pierre.
Dark
brown
case, S/N: L656 engraved on
bottom.
Leather pouch with loops
to be carried on a waist belt. The prism and its fitting are larger in
the series gray models.
The clinometer's locking systems
are also different.
|
Drawing
in the
patent of the model
called UNIVERSELLE,
filed in 1950.
|
The
typical CHAIX compass rose
appears on a patent dated 1955.
|
Model
UNIVERSELLE (built c. 1970-80)
The manufacturer's name Lecomte
et Déglise Constructeurs
was CHAIX' own shop.
How
to use the vane
There are two scales: left side for survey tasks, right side in MILS.
It
must be held 50cm (20") away from the eye (using a lanyard around the
neck) to
assess distances. Hereto, one needs a measuring rod with two targets 2m
apart from each other.
Markings: Base 2 m
= Basic height 2 meter; Millièmes = Angular Mils;
50 Cm de l'oeil = 50cm from the eye
Drawing: Measuring a tree trunk's diam. using the Mils divisions on the
vane. |
Viewing the card's rim through the Prism:
|
Technical
Data
- Case: aluminum, grey paint
- Dimensions: 100 x 90 x 36mm
- Serial no.: 1892
- Weight: 550gr
- Measuring angles is done either from above through the magnifying
glass on the crystal or through the folding prism.
- Clinometer/dendrometer clutch: tiny push-button at the rear face
below the vertical MILS scale for slopes.
- Clinometer graduation: top half in grads, lower half in degrees.
- The dendrometer has two scales: 20m (0-40) and 30m (0-60)
- Compass rose dia.: 64mm
- Compass divisions: 360°
Model called La Minière with two loops for
hanging at a cable in mines (see also "miner compass")
(Click
on the pictures for
enlarged views) |
(Click
on the pictures for enlarged
views) |
Clinometer (free sliding bead) with two scales: degrees and grades |
Model
RECONNAISSANCE
Technical Data
- Dimensions: 85 x 85 x 30 mm
- Weight: 170 gr
- Shock absorbing rubber casing
- The foldable grip is also a 50 mm ruler
Donation
of the French
company TOPOCHAIX to the Online Compass Museum. |
|
(Click
on the pictures for enlarged
views)
|
Theodolite
Technical Data
- Dimensions:
. Basis: 950 x 100 mm
. Height, telescope horizontal: 130 mm
- Telescope lenth: 130 mm
- Manufactured: approx. 1960's
- Optical cross, cylindrical level (seen in a brass mirror), prismatic
reading of the compass
- Clinometer: in brackets alongside the scope |
French maker located in Paris possibly at the end of the XVIIIth c. No
onformation available.
NOTE: In the data base
Adlerplanetarium
is an entry about a maker called "CHAROT, en la Cité à Paris", who was
active around the year 1775. It could be a typo in the list.
This item is idendical with an instrument formerly made
by
LIETZ.
The country name "JAPAN" is printed above the
"S" mark.
We suppose that LIETZ (after having been taken over
by SOKKIA) had their products made
under license in Japan.
Charvoz or Charvoz-Carsen Corp was big in the drafting side of the
business in the US.
They even owned a survey division called THS which all of their
instruments were made in Japan.
An identical instrument bears the name
LUTZ.
|
Technical
Data
- Dimensions: 4 1/2" side length
- Divisions: quadrants (4 x 90°) on inner and outer
dials
- Clinometer: +/- 90°
- Side rulers:
. simple, inches (4 1/2)
. double (two-way), inches with decimal
divisions from 0 to 4.50 and from 4.50 to
9.0.
(Picture
Matt Reed - click on the image for an enlarged view)
|
Sokkia-Lietz catalogue |
This manufacturer was already active before the French revolution.
These two compasses feature two different interesting signatures. The
compass inserted into a rectangular frame is marked "Breveté du Roi"
(with royal patent) and is apparently the older one (early 19th c.) but
we can't say which king is meant here: between the end of Napoleon I.'s
reign (1815) and the begin of Napoléon IIIrd's one in 1852 three kings
ruled France: Louis XVIII, Charles X and Louis Philippe Ist. See the
company's history here (in French):
https://histoiredumicroscope.com/chevallier-jean-gabriel-ingenieur/.
The other compass marked "Opticien" may have been made at the end of
the 19th or in the early 20th c.
1 - Surveyor's compass
Pictures by courtesy of H. Waldmann
|
2 - Compass with clinometer
|
Technical Data
1 - Rectangular frame: 216 x 111,6 mm with a 20 cm ruler on one long
side and another one in Parisian inches (27,07
mm) on the opposite side.
- Dia. compass: 84 mm ; Divisions : 360° clockwise
- Total weight: 710 g ; compass weight: 287 g
- Signature: Par L'Ing(énieur)
Chevallier Breveté du Roi à Paris
(link
to picture)
2 - Compass with clinometer and retractable foot
- Diam.: 65,2 mm; Height: 13 mm; Divisions: 360° clockwise;
Weight: 111 g
- Signature:
L'Ing(énieur)
Chevallier Opticien Place du Pont-Neuf, 15 à Paris
(link
to picture)
|
The metallic compass in the 2nd row was made by the Chinese company
Union
Instrument Factory. (The Online Compass Museum doesn't
possess any information about this
company. Your help is welcome.)
An early version was a wooden box and is
listed in a 1910 Japanese TAMAYA catalogue. Today, only one Chinese
manufacturer is known to exist:
HARBIN
Optical Instrument
Factory (P.R. of China).
Markings in the square window:
- Aluminium Precision Clinometer
- Beijing
- Public Private Company
- Union Instrument Factory
(Translation:
Jen-Wen Chang) |
(Click HERE
for view of the leather pouch) |
Pin-hole ocular
and needle lock |
Above: The reticle in a tube
Below: The reticle as seen through the pin-hole ocular (left)
|
Technical
Data:
- Dimensions: 150 x 58 x 17 mm
- Weight: 220 g
- Compass diameter: 40 mm
- Level: red liquid
- Release of clinometer in square window: push-button (above level)
- Locking of magnetic needle and clinometer in round window: lever on
pin-hole ocular face
- The pin-hole ocular tube can be extracted (click for detailed view):
Modern Japanese model made by Ginza TZS Tokyo
(Pic.
Alex.
Rogutskyi) |
Louis-Paul CHOLLET-DELAMARRE located 23, Quai Napoleon à Paris, was a
French
maker of survey instruments in the second half of the 19th c.
Engraved data 'Chollet - Delamarre, Cr Bte s.d.g. a Paris'. Example of
a large
compass. In 1858, he was
designated "businessman" (
négociant)
Louis-Paul CHOLLET-DELAMARRE and granted the
patent
no. 35.437
for an "exploration compass". Its design joined the characteristics of
several preceding models like folding sights with hooks (one of them
with a bubble level), inclinometer and a sundial. The inventor added
that this design was an evolution of the
Chevalier
compass.
The latter could be the instrument described in the entry 'Surveyor
compass (vintage)'. Pictures © INPI
This instrument appears in a 1930 MORIN catalogue and is called
clisimètre
à collimateur respectively
niveau-lyre du
Colonel Goulier. It was used
together with
a survey compass like the CRC or
HUET
system.
When hold by the ring, the pendulum's weight ensures a
vertical
position, i.e. the horizontal position of the scales' zero references.
One can then look through a magnifying glass at a long
vertical display. There were different versions for general survey
works, for the Army, for the climbers
association Club Alpin (C.A.F., also called Vallot
model) etc.
Users instructions: Look through the magnifying glass and read the
value on the scale of slopes which can be seen alongside the actual
landscape.
Instrument
made by
the Swiss manufacturer MERIDIAN. It is called in German Gefällmesser
Picture
courtesy
J. van Heuverswyn |
Technical
Data
- Dim.: .. x .. mm
- Weight: 240 g
- User instructions: available in French and German
- Side device: angle measured in per cent
In addition to Goulier's system, this design features a graduated plate
which makes it possible to measure directly the slope of a wall. |
PROFILE - Former French company located in the Marais district
in Paris, successor of HOULLIOT (more information
HERE).
This company manufactured many different compass types for retailers
but seldom sign them. Here are some examples:
1) Compass with vanes, clinometer and cross-staff adapter
2) Compass for unknown use
See also Pocket compasses, Marching compass Modèle
1922 and wrist compasses.
Thomas COOKE was a scientist (read WIKIPEDIA, Th.
Cooke - machinist). The company T. Cooke & Sons Ltd. located
14,
Great Chapel Street, Westminster, London SW (factory: Buckingham Works,
York, England) produced
optical instruments like telescopes and survey materiel (see also the
section Pocket Compasses). BEWARE OF FAKES ! A coarse imitation of this
compass type is currently being sold as genuine antique. For more
details go to Menue / Miscell. / Fakes.
Pictures
Th. Steffen
|
|
Technical
Data
Dim.
- Case dia. : 110 mm
- Divided circle dia.: 100 mm
Manufacturer's marking on back face:
|
Description: Survey instrument designed for measuring right angles in
the simple version and any angle in the sophisticated version. The
latter are called in French
goniomètres
à pinnules or
pantomètres
in MORIN's catalogue. The corresponding designation in German
is
Kreuzkopf
or
Winkelkopf.
The simple version existed either in an octagonal (see example:
SECRÉTAN)
or a cylindrical body (
MORIN's
recommended
shape). It
featured a hollow body with sighting slots in which horse hairs are
attached. Each slot faces another one which is cut in the opposite
half related to the height, so that an horizontal plane can be
determined. The cylindrical systems with a precision chapter
ring
around the body only had 4 slots. In Germany they were manufactured by
the ancestor of the company now called FPM Holding.
Cylindrical cross staff heads
(MORIN catalogue)
|
(Click
for enlarged views)
Octagonal and cylindrical cross staff heads
(WICHMANN catalogue)
|
(Picture
by
courtesy of Ivars Drulle)
Model with level
bubble signed
WICHMANN
(voir aussi Schubert & Vialon)
|
Technical
Data
- Diam. (top): 2.75" (77 mm)
- Diam. (basis): 3.54" (92 mm)
- Height: 4.33" (115 mm)
- Weight: 2.2 lbs (1.2 kg)
- Marking: Gebr. Wichmann Berlin, (most probably made by a
predecessor of FPM, below).
We also know of an instrument signed H. Bretschneider (Halle) and
painted grey like described in the WICHMANN catalogue
|
Former French company that built (among others) the marching
compass
type
Modèle
1922.
The instrument shown below is called Modèle 26. It is
marked
Boussole
topographique (i.e. Survey
compass) but together
with the abbreviation M.G. for
Ministère
de
la Guerre, which meant it was
issued to the armed forces
by France's War Department (and probably also Belgium's).
For description and pictures, go to
HUET
who built a modernized
version after WWII (modified in 1957).
|
(For
more pictures see HUET) |
Technical
data
- Dimensions: 110 x 97 x 30/80 mm
(prism folded/ erected)
- Weight: 300 gr
- Divisions : 400 grades, clockwise |